1861

THE BENJAMIN -- KIRKMAN GENEALOGY

        Job A. Benjamin was born in 1829 in Union Township of Licking County, Ohio, which is approximately 30 miles east of Columbus.¹ He was the son of Christopher (or Christian) Benjamin (1804-1881) and his wife Jane W. (1807-1856). Job had five brothers, William (Job's only older brother), David, Wilson, Isaac, and Abram, and two younger sisters, Elizabeth and Margaret.² Wilson S. Benjamin, Job's younger brother by twelve years, was born on February 2, 1841, also in Licking County, Ohio.³
        As an adult, Job Benjamin stood approximately 5 feet 10 1/2 inches tall and had dark hair, brown eyes, and a florid (rosy) complexion.⁴ On October 10, 1849, at the age of 20, Job married Elizabeth Bowen (b. 1832) ⁵ Their first of eleven children, James, was born in 1852.⁶
        That same year of 1852, when Wilson was 11 years old and Job was 23, the Benjamin family moved from Ohio to Peoria County, Illinois, where Christopher had purchased a farm east of the town of Laura and north of Brimfield in the area of Millbrook Township known as "Scotland Prairie." ⁷ Now living in Illinois, Job and his wife Elizabeth had four more children during the next six years -- Margaret (or Jane) (b. February 1853), William (b. 1855), Jacob (b. 1857), and Eliza (b. 1859). However, sometime in 1859 or early 1860, Job and his growing family moved back to McKean Township in Licking County, Ohio. Their sixth child, George, was born there in either 1860 or 1861.⁸
        As an adult, Wilson Benjamin stood approximately 5 feet 8 inches tall and had blue eyes, dark hair, and a dark complexion.⁹ On August 31, 1862, ten years after settling in Illinois, 21 year-old Wilson Benjamin married Lydia Ann Curtis (b. 1843).¹⁰ Their only child, William Jonathan, was born on September 12, 1863.¹¹
        Samuel Kirkman was born on May 16, 1845 in Bolton, Lancashire, England, a town 10 miles northwest of Manchester.¹²   He was the son of Robert Kirkman (1811-1891) and Alice Bromley Kirkman (1815-1890). He had three younger brothers -- Robert (b. ~1854), William (b. ~1861), and Alexander (b. ~1863) and four younger sisters -- Alice (b. ~1851), Anna (b. ~1854), Hannah, and Phoeba.¹³Samuel grew up on a farm near Kickapoo, Illinois.  When the Civil War began in April of 1861, he was just a month short of his sixteenth birthday. Samuel Kirkman was approximately 5 feet 10 1/2 inches tall with grey eyes, dark hair and a dark complexion.¹⁴
        The ancestral line of Samuel Kirkman would not join with that of the Benjamin line until 1920, when Beulah I. Doubet (daughter of John F. Doubet and Alice Ann Kirkman and granddaughter of Samuel Kirkman and Louisa Greenhalgh) married Harley W. Benjamin (son of William J. Benjamin and Viola Winchester and grandson of Wilson S. Benjamin and Lydia Ann Curtis).¹⁵ Harley and Beulah Benjamin had three sons - Hollis, Roland, and Jerald. Their eldest son, Hollis William Benjamin, married Dolores Jean Manuel and had one daughter, Cheri, and one son, Bart. In summary . . .

Samuel Kirkman -- Alice Ann Kirkman Doubet -- Beulah Doubet Benjamin -- Hollis Benjamin -- Bart Benjamin

        With pride and respect for the hardships endured and the battles fought by my great-great grandfathers, Samuel Kirkman and Wilson Benjamin, and my great-great-great uncle, Job Benjamin, I begin this story of three soldiers.

THE WAR BEGINS

        When Fort Sumter fell to Confederate forces on April 13, 1861, the United States army consisted of fewer than 17,000 men, mostly stationed out west. This would quickly change! On April 15th, President Abraham Lincoln called upon the governors of the states and territories to provide 75,000 militiamen to serve for an original term of ninety days.¹⁶
        Throughout the North, great numbers of young men volunteered for service to their country. Many still remembered their grandparents' stories of the Revolutionary War and were convinced that the United States was the world's greatest experiment in freedom and democracy. This sentiment was often echoed in the letters written by Union soldiers, who wrote that they were "fighting to maintain the best government on earth." ¹⁷
        Compared with the older, established states in the East, men from the "newer and rougher" Midwestern states responded with special enthusiasm to Lincoln's call.¹⁸ As historian Victor Hicken described:

The original request from the War Department was for six Illinois regiments, but the General Assembly, in a characteristic excess of patriotism, authorized ten. The initial six, numbering from the 7th to the 12th regiments, were quickly accepted into service. The remainder, including the various artillery and cavalry units also raised in April, were accepted by the War Department in June. The decision to accept such unrequested regiments was due partly to pressures brought upon the federal government by Representative John A. McClernand, a loyal southern Illinois democrat.¹⁹

        In return for his efforts at recruitment and because of his political ties, McClernand would later command the army corps that Samuel Kirkman fought much of the war in.
        After several early Union defeats in the summer of 1861, Congress authorized the President to call for 500,000 additional troops. In Illinois, regiments were formed numbering as high as the 55th Illinois. Brave Illinoisans came in droves to serve their country -- so many, in fact, that there were more volunteers than the state could handle. In December, recruiting was called to a halt, only to resume in the summer of 1862.²⁰ When patriotism and the promise of adventure wasn't enough to entice young men to sign up, the economic incentive remained strong. Despite the fact that pay was only 13 dollars a month during most of the war, this amount was comparable to other jobs of the day and there was a certainty in army employment that was not necessarily found in the factory or the field.²¹
        Perhaps caught up in the patriotic fever that was sweeping the country, 32-year-old Job A. Benjamin decided to leave his Ohio farm and join the fight. On Tuesday, November 5, 1861, he was mustered to serve a three-year term at Camp Sherman in Newark, Ohio, 32 miles east of Columbus. The officer overseeing his enlistment was Captain Levi P. Coman.²²

DAILY LIFE OF A CIVIL WAR SOLDIER

        When Job Benjamin, Samuel Kirkman, and Wilson Benjamin joined the Union Army during the Civil War, they were undoubtedly filled with some of the same feelings described by Private William Bentley, who fought in the same regiment as Samuel Kirkman and wrote an eloquent account of their regimental history eighteen years after the war:

[Although we knew full well of the dangers involved,] none of us felt less inclined to go. We had something dearer than life at stake, the perpetuation of our civil and religious liberties, and if the shedding of our blood would contribute to this end, we felt willing to make the sacrifice. At all events, it was our duty to go, and we went.²³

        The average Civil War soldier was 5 feet, 8 inches tall and weighed 143 pounds. The average age of a soldier was 25, but there were certainly those who were much younger, since recruiting offices were not particularly stringent on age.²⁴ Regardless of their size, age or vocation, newly recruited soldiers learned to endure a lifestyle unlike anything they had ever experienced before.
        The uniform was one of the first exciting distinctions of serving in the army. The Union foot soldier, or infantryman, was dressed in a loose, dark blue woolen sack coat over light blue trousers. A dark blue forage cap, leather brogan shoes, wool flannel shirt, and cotton flannel undergarments completed the regulation dress.²⁵
        Uniforms were trimmed with cords or colored stripes appropriate to their rank and military branch. Infantry trimmings were blue; artillery trimmings were red; and cavalry trimmings were yellow. Brass insignias worn on the hat also indicated a serviceman's branch -- a bugle for infantry, crossed sabres for cavalry and crossed cannons for artillery.²⁶
        In addition to their rifle muskets, infantrymen carried a cartridge box with 40 rounds of ammunition, a percussion cap pouch, a sheathed bayonet, a canteen and a tin cup attached to either their belt or chest-crossing leather straps. A soldier's food rations were carried in a black canvas bag called a haversack, which was worn around the neck or shoulders.²⁷
        On their backs, the soldier carried a knapsack. Inside the knapsack was an overcoat, spare clothing, food rations and personal belongings. Many soldiers also carried either a rubber sheet or one-half a "dog tent." ²⁸ With another soldier's "other half" of a tent, two persons could erect a quick shelter. Atop their haversack, soldiers often carried a rolled woolen blanket.
        All this equipment could weigh as much as 50 pounds. Due to this excessive weight, many soldiers discarded some of their equipment as they marched.²⁹ As the war progressed, soldiers made do with less and less. In time, many soldiers learned to survive by carrying only a rolled woolen blanket, a piece of shelter tent twisted together, and a haversack.³⁰
        The most important item that a soldier carried was his weapon. Samuel Kirkman was armed for most of the war with a popular rifle musket called the Enfield rifle musket. Imported from England, the Enfield rifle weighed just over 9 pounds with bayonet, had a bore diameter of 0.577 inches, and was accurate to almost 800 yards.³¹ The other major weapon of the Civil War soldier was the American-made Springfield (Massachusetts) rifle musket, which was the weapon carried by Wilson Benjamin and, eventually, Job Benjamin as well.^32-ACharles Willison, a private who enlisted in Company I of the 76th Ohio Volunteer Infantry nine months after Job Benjamin, recalled in his memoirs the fine characteristics of the American-made Springfield rifle:

They were of the most approved workmanship, thoroughly accurate, with adjustable sights, gauged for 500 and 1,000 yards.  Cartridges for these were composed of a conical lead ball nearly if not quite an inch long, with a beveled hollow at the rear end.  This was fitted and attached to a cylinder of heavy paper filled with powder, so constructed as to be readily torn by the teeth, ready for insertion into the muzzle of the gun to be rammed home with the iron ramrod attached to the rifle.^32-B

Unfortunately, the use of these fine weapons were not the Army "norm" at the onset of the war, when the Union armies procured any and all weapons that they could find.  As a result, many Union regiments were equipped (actually ill-equipped) with substandard or outdated musket rifles.  Job Benjamin's 76th Ohio, for example, carried second-hand Belgian rifles at the start of the war.  According to Charles Willison, these rifles were short, heavy, and clumsy with a vicious recoil.

It is said to often happen in the din of battle that men cannot tell when their guns "go off."  These guns of ours always let us know without question when we fired them, for mine kicked hard enough to bruise my shoulder.  They carried a 69-caliber conical ball, a ball as big around as my thumb and could by no means be relied on for accurate marksmanship.^33-A

        Fortunately for the soldiers of the 76th Ohio, they would receive better rifles -- "bright, new Springfield rifles carrying a 58-caliber conical ball" -- in December of 1862.^33-B  Samuel Kirkman's 77th Illinois Volunteer Infantry were initially issued outdated flintlock rifles, but fortunately were given Enfield rifle muskets prior to leaving for active operations.^33-C
        All of these rifle muskets were single shot, muzzle loaded weapons detonated by a percussion cap.³⁴ Late in the War, a few Union troops began using the first breechloader repeating rifles, which allowed a soldier to fire multiple rounds without reloading.³⁵ Forty rounds of ammunition were carried in a soldier's cartridge box and 160 additional rounds were usually carried in their knapsacks.³⁶
        Compared to home cooking, the rations of the soldier were spartan. Union troops were issued one 16-ounce biscuit (hardtack, pilot bread or crackers) or 22 ounces of bread or flour, 1 1/4 pounds of fresh or salt meat or 3/4 pound of bacon. For each 100 men, the army also supplied eight gallons of beans, ten pounds of rice or hominy, ten pounds of coffee, fifteen pounds of sugar, four gallons of vinegar and two pounds of salt.³⁷ More often than not, however, the featured meal was hardtack, salt pork, and coffee.³⁸
        Hardtack was a cracker three inches square, a half-inch thick, and generally so stale that it was often unbreakable and nearly inedible. To make matters worse, supplies of hardtack were often infested with worms, leading soldiers to refer to them as "worm castles" or "sheet-iron crackers." ³⁹
        In addition to the hardtack, the average soldier did little more than fry a slab of bacon or salt pork, and boil some coffee. Coffee was such an important mainstay to the army that army officials worked hard to insure that "if only one commodity of nourishment was issued, it would be coffee." ⁴⁰ In a soldier's spare time, he would often assemble little bags of coffee and sugar mixed together for later use.⁴¹
        Without refrigeration, fresh foods were rare unless they could be foraged (i.e. stolen) from the local countryside. Delivery of food supplies was poorly organized and badly managed, especially in the early years of the war.
        Better food was available from sutlers that typically followed the armies, but at inflated prices that exceeded the limited means of most soldiers. At the beginning of the war, army privates received only $11 per month. In August of 1861, Congress increased this monthly rate to $13. In June of 1864, this wage was increased again to $16 a month. Adding to this relatively low wage was the fact that monthly payments to soldiers were notoriously tardy.^42-A In addition to their regular monthly pay, each soldier was allowed $45 per year for clothing supplied by the government.  Any amount in excess of $45 used for clothing was deducted from the soldier's pay.^42-B
        A Civil War soldier's chances of emerging from the war unscathed varied. The chances of a soldier dying in combat was 1 in 65. The chances of dying of disease (the war's primary killer of men) was 1 in 13. The chances of being wounded was 1 in 10.⁴³ Yet, despite these hardships, most soldiers made the most of their difficult situations and remained willing to serve their country and face unknown dangers.

THE ORGANIZATION OF ARMIES IN THE CIVIL WAR

        Throughout this work, the army organizational assignment for Job Benjamin, Samuel Kirkman and Wilson Benjamin will be given at each crucial battle and whenever a reassignment occurs. To fully appreciate this information, one must understand the organization of armies during the Civil War.⁴⁴
        The land forces were divided into territorial organizations (military posts, territorial districts, territorial departments) and operational organizations (infantry and cavalry divisions, army corps, and field armies). In this book, we will concern ourselves primarily with operational organizations.
        Most Civil War operational forces belonged to the infantry service. Supporting the infantry service were soldiers from the artillery service (who operated the cannons) and the cavalry service (who rode horses to conduct raids and reconnoiter enemy troop movements). Most Union soldiers (80%) belonged to the infantry branch, while 14% served in the cavalry and 6% served in the artillery.⁴⁵
        Within the infantry, the smallest organization of soldiers was the "company." Each company had one captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, one first sergeant, four sergeants, eight corporals, two musicians, one wagoner, and between 64 and 82 privates. Companies were designated by letter, A through K, with J omitted. When the designation system was established in 1816, the letter J was omitted because it so resembled the letter I in handwritten notes.⁴⁶
        No more than ten companies comprised a "regiment." The company and the regiment were the soldier's "battlefield family" -- his friends and colleagues who shared all of war's victories and miseries. While the men took pride in their company, their greatest allegiance was to their regiment.⁴⁷ Federal regiments could have a maximum strength of 101 soldiers.
        Two or more regiments combined to form a "brigade." Federal brigades averaged about 2,000 men and were generally composed of five regiments. Historian James I. Robertson, Jr. describes the characteristics of the Civil War brigade:

Commanded by a brigadier general, the brigade usually had its own quartermaster, commissary and ammunition trains. Medical teams, and sometimes artillery, were assigned by brigades. Hence the unit was in effect a mini-army and able to act independently.⁴⁸

        Two or more brigades combined to form a "division." Federal divisions averaged about 6,000 men and were generally composed of between two and five brigades. The division, led by a major general, came to be the army's primary maneuvering unit. Most marching orders were directed at divisions.⁴⁹
        Two or more divisions combined to form a "corps." On the average, federal corps averaged about 18,000 men and were composed of three divisions. A Union Corps, commanded by a major general, was usually composed of 45 infantry regiments and 9 batteries of artillery. Samuel Kirkman and Wilson Benjamin were both part of the 13th Corps, while Job Benjamin was assigned to the 15th Corps.
        The largest organization was appropriately known as the "army." The Union armies were generally named for their territorial department, which in turn were generally named for the rivers nearest their operation. A major general commanded a Union army.⁵⁰ Samuel Kirkman fought in the Union Army of the Mississippi and the Union Army of the Gulf. When Wilson Benjamin joined the war, he too was assigned to the Union Army of the Gulf. Job Benjamin fought in the Union Army of the Tennessee. There were at least 16 armies on the Union side.
        To summarize, the organization hierarchy of the army (from smallest to largest) was as follows: company, regiment, brigade, division, corps, and army.
        All three of my "soldiers of valor" were privates in the United States Army's volunteer infantry. Above them in rank (in ascending order) were corporals, sergeants, second lieutenants, first lieutenants, captains (who usually commanded companies), sergeant majors, majors, lieutenant colonels, colonels (who usually commanded regiments), brigadier generals (who usually commanded brigades), major generals (who usually commanded corps and armies), lieutenant generals (Ulysses Grant became the only one in March of 1864), and full generals (a rank only granted after the war).

BATTLE ACTION IN THE CIVIL WAR

        Because Civil War battles typically involved so many soldiers, historical descriptions of battles often use the broadest strokes possible to describe the action. However, to fully appreciate the experience of the individual soldier during battle, I have extracted a series of quotes from James I. Robertson, Jr.'s acclaimed book, entitled Soldiers Blue and Gray:

Loading a musket was a multistage process. The soldier reached into his cartridge box and got a cartridge, which consisted of a ball and a charge of powder wrapped together in paper. He tore open the cartridge with his teeth, emptied the powder down the barrel of the musket, and inserted the bullet with the pointed end up. The soldier then drew the ramrod from beneath the barrel and tamped down ball and powder, then returned the ramrod to its place (unless, of course, he was in battle). Next he half-cocked the hammer and placed a firing cap atop the little protrusion at the back end of the barrel. He then took position, cocked the hammer fully, aimed the musket, and pulled the trigger.⁵¹

        Despite boasting to the contrary, marksmanship with the rifle musket was generally poor throughout the duration of the war. Historian James Robertson, Jr. elaborates: "Statistics kept of target practices were consistent in showing that at a distance of 150 yards, one shot out of three hitting the target was indeed a good score." ⁵²
        The tactics of Civil War armies is well described by Albert Castel in his book Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864:

Preceding each division, in accordance with the standard practice of both armies, is a skirmish line.  This is provided by having one or two companies from the lead regiments go forward, widely spread and taking advantage of every bit of cover, to try to ascertain where the enemy is and how strong.  Should the enemy forces counterattack, the skirmishers will delay them as long as possible, then scamper back to their own main line.  When the actual charge takes place, they will lie down until the assault passes over them, then leap up and join it. . . A regular "line of battle" is formed by the companies of a regiment (with few exceptions ten in number) aligning themselves in two ranks, each company in a standard, prescribed spot: ^53-A

______	______	______	______	______	______	______	______	______	______
______	______	______	______	______	______	______	______	______	______
B	G	K	E	H	C	I	D	F	A

        Once the soldiers of the blue and grey met one another in combat, the sequence of events was often much different than portrayed in 20th century films, as described by James Robertson, Jr.:

In the final seconds before the attack, the column generally became completely quiet as each man wrestled with his emotions and prepared for the ordeal at hand. One soldier described it in poetic terms. "The soldier's soul becomes a theater where the two star actors, HOPE and FEAR rehearse the coming battles, supported by Imagination, Apprehension, Patriotism, Courage, Doubt, Resolution, Ambition, and a host of others." . . . One side would usually line up to attack across an expanse of ground against the fortified position of the other side. The soldier making the assault was to keep his place in the tight formation, touching the elbow of the man on either side of him, and maintaining a distance of 1 to 2 feet from the soldier in his front. The officers were inside the ranks or just behind them ... An attack was not an uninterrupted, steady advance across a field with fixed bayonets. The assaulting soldiers would rush forward a few yards, fire a volley, reload, and dash a few more yards before firing again, and then make a final run toward the enemy works. No matter how precise or meticulous an assault, or how organized or prepared a defense, the whole situation seemed to disintegrate once the battle began . . . For the living, the end of a battle brought numb exhaustion. Rest, food and water during the hours of fighting had been practically non-existent ... The weariness would linger for days after the engagement, as would the shock and sadness at comrades lost in battle.^53-B

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© 2002 by Bart Benjamin

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1861 FOOTNOTES

1.  from genealogical research conducted by Roland and Maxine Benjamin.
2.  Roland J. Benjamin, A Genealogy of the Benjamin Family of Peoria County, Illinois (Privately published by author), pp. 7-8. Job Benjamin's age is also confirmed by the Official Roster of the Soldiers of the State of Ohio. p. 268. His birthplace is incorrectly given as McKean Township by the Regimental Company Descriptive Book, from the National Archives.
3.  from Declaration for Pension dated February 4, 1911, from the National Archives.
4.  from Company C Descriptive Book, from the National Archives.
5.  from Declaration of Widow's Pension, dated August 29, 1902 and another Widow's Pension dated October 13, 1902, both from the National Archives. This is further confirmed by genealogical research conducted by Roland and Maxine Benjamin.
6.  from genealogical research conducted by Roland and Maxine Benjamin.
7.  Benjamin, p. 10.
8.  from genealogical research conducted by Roland and Maxine Benjamin.
9.  from Volunteer service listing, from the National Archives.
10.  Benjamin, p. 10.
11.  Benjamin, p. 10.
12.  Trevor Kirkman, Kirkmans in Lancashire website at http://homepage.ntlworld.com/trevor.kirkman. His birthplace in Lancashire is also given on the Department of the Interior Bureau of Pensions form signed by Kirkman on April 6, 1915.  Samuel Kirkman's birthplace is incorrectly listed as Lanchester, which is a small town located in Durham County in northeastern England on his "Declaration for Pension" form signed by Kirkman on May 16, 1907.
13.  Trevor Kirkman, Kirkmans in Lancashire website. Genealogical research conducted by Roland and Maxine Benjamin, however, only list Samuel Kirkman's siblings as: two brothers, Robert and Alexander, and one sister named Phoebe.
14.  There is some slight disagreement on Samuel Kirkman's height. On the Declaration for Pension form signed by Kirkman on May 16, 1907, Kirkman listed himself as 5' 10 1/2 " tall. However, his height is given as 5' 11 " in Declaration for an Original Valid Pension, dated May 29, 1879. (both from the National Archives). The records of the Adjutant General's Office (in the Illinois state archives) list his height as 5' 8".
15.  Benjamin, p. 11.
16.  Geoffrey C. Ward, The Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1990), p. 48; John S. Bowman, The Civil War Day by Day (Greenwich, CT: Dorset Press, 1989), p. 27.
17.  James I. Robertson, Jr., Soldiers Blue and Gray (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), p. 10.
18.  Ibid.
19.  Victor Hicken, Illinois in the Civil War (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1966), p. 2.
20.  Ibid.
21.  Bell Irvin Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1952), pp. 37-38 and 371.
22.  Official Roster of the Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War of the Rebellion (1861-1866) (Akron: Werner Printing and Mfg. Co., 1888), p. 267.
23.  William H. Bentley, History of the 77th Illinois Volunteer Infantry (Peoria: Edward Hine Printers, 1883), p. 20.
24.  Ward, p. 122.
25.  Wiley, p. 59; Historical reenactor's catalog of Crescent City Sutler, Evansville, Indiana.
26.  Wiley, p. 60.
27.  John MacDonald, Great Battles of the Civil War (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1988), p. 14; Robertson, Soldiers Blue and Gray. p. 42.
28.  MacDonald, p. 14.
29.  James I. Robertson, Jr., Tenting Tonight: The Soldier's Life (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, Inc., 1984), p. 72.
30.  Robertson, Soldiers Blue and Gray. p. 15-16.
31.  Mark M. Boatner III, The Civil War Dictionary (New York: Vintage Books, 1988), p. 266.
32-A.  from Detachment Muster-Out Roll, from the National Archives; Charles A. Willison, A Boy's Service with the 76th Ohio (Huntington, WV; Blue Acorn Press, 1995), p. 14.
32-B.  Willison, p. 14-15.
33-A.  Willison, p. 14.  Job Benjamin's Company Muster Roll (from the National Archives) referred to them as "French rifle muskets" instead.
33-B.  Willison, p. 14.
33-C.  Terrence J. Winschel, The Civil War Diary of a Common Soldier: William Wiley of the 77th Illinois Infantry (Baton Rouge: Lousiana State University Press, 2001), p. 6.
34.  MacDonald, p. 54.
35.  Ibid., p. 158.
36.  Ibid., p. 14.
37.  Boatner, p. 681.
38.  Ward, p. 123.
39.  Robertson, Soldiers Blue and Gray, p. 68-69.
40.  Ibid., p. 65.
41.  MacDonald, p. 14.
42-A.  Robertson, Soldiers Blue and Gray, p. 79; Wiley, p. 371.
42-B.  Willison, p. 17.
43.  Ward, p. 122.
44.  much of the information about army organization in this section is excerpted from Boatner, pp. 610-612.
45.  Robertson, Soldiers Blue and Gray. p. 19.
46.  Ibid., p. 21.
47.  Ibid.
48.  Ibid., p. 24.
49.  Ibid.
50.  Ibid.
51.  Ibid., pp. 55-56.
52.  Ibid., p. 57.
53-A.  Albert Castel, Decision in the West: The Atlanta Campaign of 1864. (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1992), pp. 156-157.
53-B.  Robertson, pp. 217-224.
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Last Updated: March 4, 2008